Phyllostachys Bambusoides is originated in China but common in Japan. These characteristics have made it a highly valued construction material. [2] The species is thin-skinned, easily split lengthwise, has long fibres, and is strong and highly flexible, even when split finely. Six species or forms of the genus Phyllostachys are distributed in Japan, all thought to be introduced from China (Ohrnberger, 1999; Figure 1, but see Suzuki, 1978). Define madake. Phyllostachys bambusoides "Giant Japanese Timber Bamboo" is the most utilized bamboo in Japan where it is valued for its large good quality straight thick-walled culms that are very good for splitting. Phyllostachys bambusoides ‘Albovariegata’ – PHBAV $ 70.00 – $ 150.00. Bitters fades after boiling. Max Height: 75 Feet (23 m) Some grow to extreme lengths and heights, making them typically only suitable for parks and large gardens; however, more compact cultivars are available. Ph. A mass flowering took place in the 1970’s that was experienced primarily in the United States. Light Exposure: Full sun Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castillon' Common Names: Castillon Kimmei Madake (Japanese) Expected Height: 35 feet Diameter: 2.5 inches Hardiness: 5 USDA Zone recommended 7 through 10 Bright yellow at sheath fall, this is one of our most beautiful bamboos. Phyllostachys bambusoides “Madake”, “Giant Japanese Timber” – PHB $ 25.00 – $ 150.00. The culms of Phyllostachys vivax 'Aureocaulis' are yellow … Phyllostachys bambusoides Giant Japanese Timber Bamboo. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 17(2):173-177; 8 ref. It is used frequently in Asia as scaffolding and also in the manufacture of furniture. New shoots are used in the treatment of haematuria. The shoots are edible, although they are bitter when consumed raw. Hardiness Zone: 7 Robert Austin and Koichiro Ueda, BAMBOO (New York: Walker/Weatherhill, 1970) p. 193. Buy Madake Giant Japanese Timber Bamboo - FREE SHIPPING - Phyllostachys bambusoides Plants For Sale Online From Wilson Bros Gardens One of the largest bamboos we've ever grown, the Giant Japanese Timber Bamboo, also called Madake Bamboo… Herb: Madake Latin name: Phyllostachys bambusoides Synonyms: Phyllostachys quilioi, Phyllostachys reticulata Family: Gramineae (Grass Family) Medicinal use of Madake: The leaves are antipyretic. Running bamboo is more cold hardy than non-invasive clumping varieties and can withstand harsh winter temperatures. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and … It is slower growing than some of the other giant Phyllostachys species, such as Ph. 3 synonyms for madake: giant timber bamboo, ku-chiku, Phyllostachys bambusoides. While mountainsides covered in giant bamboo are not part of the American landscape, by installing a few Madake … This evergreen bamboo came from the Poaceae … most common bamboos, moso (Phyllostachys edulis) and madake (P. bambusoides), as the focal species of this study. bambusoides is a late shooter. Golden bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea ) is very similar to madake (Phyllostachys bambusoides) and black bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra), and relatively similar to giant reed (Arundo donax). English Name: Japanese Timber Bamboo New shoots are edible. Phyllostachys bambusoides "Giant Japanese Timber Bamboo" is the most utilized bamboo in Japan where it is valued for its large good quality straight thick-walled culms that are very good for splitting. Branches are primarily found at the top of the plant when mature, although branches are found frequently at the lower nodes of a young plant. Golden bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea ) is very similar to madake (Phyllostachys bambusoides) and black bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra), and relatively similar to giant reed (Arundo donax). P. bambusoides … . Phyllostachys bambusoides ‘Castillon Inversa’ – PHBI $ 25.00 – $ 140.00. Its culms are deep green, extremely straight, and thick-walled making it some of the best bamboo for some … The culms typically grow 40' tall, but can … New … Kitagawa, "Improving the nutritive value of madake bamboo, Phyllostachys bambusoides, for ruminants by culturing with the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora," Animal Feed Science and … Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. First report of the flowering of Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. Ph. Herb: Madake Latin name: Phyllostachys bambusoides Synonyms: Phyllostachys quilioi, Phyllostachys reticulata Family: Gramineae (Grass Family) Medicinal use of Madake: The leaves are antipyretic. Lu JL, 1981. Phyllostachys Bambusoides ‘Giant Japanese Timber’ is the mother form. The culms typically grow 40' tall, but can reach more than 70' feet in optimum conditions. Although not native to Japan, Madake is the bamboo most preferred for building in that country. Phyllostachys bambusoides is an evergreen Bamboo growing to 8 m (26ft) by 8 m (26ft). Although not native to Japan, Madake is the bamboo most preferred for building in that country. Complete Bamboo. Green striped yellow canes of the bamboo, Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castillonii' Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castilonsis' stems in Spring. This bamboo flowered along with Phyllostachys bambusoides in the 1960s. Phyllostachys bambusoides ‘Castillon Inversa’ – PHBI $ 25.00 – $ 140.00. However, here in the Pacific Northwest, it will not reach the … Only Phyllostachys Edulis (Moso) grows larger. thick at the base, deep green. Max Diameter: 6 inches (15 cm) Phyllostachys bambusoides - Japanese Timber Bamboo - Native to China, Phyllostachys bambusoides is one of the largest temperate bamboos. ). The culms are light green, very straight and moderately thick walled. Phyllostachys bambusoides “Madake”, “Giant Japanese Timber” – PHB $ 25.00 – $ 150.00. madake (n = noun.plant) giant timber bamboo, ku-chiku, phyllostachys bambusoides - large bamboo having thick-walled culms; native of China and perhaps Japan; widely grown elsewhere; is a … First report of the flowering of Phyllostachys bambusoides … Timber bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) is regarded as an environmental weed in Queensland, and as a potential environmental weed in New South Wales. Copyright © 2008-2012. Its origins are in China, but most commonly associated with Japan. Phyllostachys bambusoides, commonly called madake, giant timber bamboo, or Japanese timber bamboo, is a species of flowering plant in the bamboo subfamily of the grass family Poaceae, native to China, and possibly also to Japan. It is in leaf all year. Culturing bamboo with the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora improved its nutritive value for ruminants. Media in category "Phyllostachys bambusoides" The following 23 files are in this category, out of 23 total. Antonyms for Phyllostachys bambusoides. It is also produced internationally in the US and Australia. This bamboo flowered along with Phyllostachys bambusoides … Synonyms for Phyllostachys bambusoides in Free Thesaurus. Madake is the bamboo of choice for weavers in Japan. The culms are thick, straight, and erect. Live plants don’t like to be shipped so we don’t sell them online! madake synonyms, madake pronunciation, madake translation, English dictionary definition of madake. Phyllostachys bambusoides Common name: Madake, Japanese giant timber. Culturing bamboo with the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora improved its nutritive value for ruminants. Phyllostachys bambusoides (Also Known as 'Madake' or Japanese Timber Bamboo) Online Store: Bamboo Plants - Shipped Within BC Only. Our new favorite! Majumder RB; Majumdar NC; Banerjee RN, 1985. Minimum Temp: 5°F (-15°C) Madake Giant Japanese Timber Bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) - 3 Gallon Pot One of the largest bamboos we've ever grown, the Giant Japanese Timber Bamboo, also called Madake Bamboo, reaches heights of up to 75 feet with canes up to 6 inches in diameter. Phyllostachys bambusoides is the most commonly grown timber bamboo in Japan and is a symbolic of Japanese culture. Japanese Timber is a part of the Phyllostachys genus of bamboo. Japanese Timber is an attractive running bamboo with dark green shiny culms. It is unparalleled for its suppleness and smoothness. Also found in Australia. Japanese Timber is a part of the Phyllostachys genus of bamboo. … My research plot has begun shooting at soil temperatures from 63 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit and from mid-April until the first week in May. This species has the unique distinction of having the longest flowering interval of any other bamboo species at approximately 130 years. It has the longest known flowering interal at 130 years. What are synonyms for Phyllostachys bambusoides? Phyllostachys bambusoides ‘Holochrysa’ “All Gold” – PHBA The culm wood is ideal for construction. The average life span of its c… Culms are thick walled and straight. It is very strong and easy to bend and rarely breaks under the stress of snow or ice. Vivax for a fast growing green manure, fodder, mulch, … In Asia, madake is one of the preferred bamboos for construction and furniture manufacture. It is also very upright, not leaning to the sun as some others do. New stalks emerge in late spring and grow at a rate of up to 1m a day; one specimen produced culms growing a remarkable 120 cm in 24 hours. Young shoots are commonly boiled as a vegetable. Branches long; stem-sheaths pinkish when young, conspicuously mottled with deep purple. It is a good bamboo for places that get snow, but do not get colder that 5º F, since it sheds snow better than most other large bamboos. The Madake, or Japanese Timber Bamboo is a giant timber growing up to 75' tall! Phyllostachys bambusoides, a Chinese native, is one of the most reliable of the giant bamboos. Houraichiku; Phyllostachys bambusoides cv. [citation needed] Its properties also make it useful in a number of traditional Japanese arts and crafts: Phyllostachys bambusoides is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate zones worldwide, with numerous cultivars being available. 20040413 Phyllostachys bambusoïdes.JPG 1,200 × 1,600; 327 KB MADAKE JAPANESE TIMBER BAMBOO Phyllostachys bambusoides Madake Can grow to 70 feet with 6" diameter canes. Browse pictures and read growth / cultivation information about Phyllostachys Species, Giant Timber Bamboo, Japanese Timber Bamboo, Madake (Phyllostachys reticulata) supplied by member … La scelta del phyllostachys bambusoides è avvenuta a seguito di assidue e persistenti ricerche, che ci hanno portato a scoprire alcuni particolari, secondo noi, di vitale importanza. A vibrant green grove of bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides, madake, giant timber bamboo, or Japanese timber bamboo). What are synonyms for madake? Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castillon' Common Names: Castillon Kimmei Madake (Japanese) Expected Height: 35 feet Diameter: 2.5 inches Hardiness: 5 USDA Zone recommended 7 through 10 Bright yellow at sheath fall, this is one of our most beautiful bamboos. Madake is typically known for being the most common type of bamboo used in the making of shakuhachi flutes and is utilized in numerous Japanese, as well as Chinese, arts, and crafts. It is also widely grown in the United States, particularly Northern California, Oregon, and Washington state. Phyllostachys bambusoides, commonly called madake, giant timber bamboo, or Japanese timber bamboo, is a species of flowering plant in the bamboo subfamily of the grass family Poaceae, native to China, and possibly also to Japan. Among them, we selected the two most common bamboos, moso (Phyllostachys edulis) and madake (P. bambusoides), as the focal species of this study. Synonyms for madake in Free Thesaurus. Description of the plant: Few things are as peacefully inviting as a gentle breeze blowing through a bamboo forest. Synonyms: P. quiloi A. Phyllostachys bambusoides “Madake”, “Giant Japanese Timber” – PHB $ 25.00 – $ 150.00. This event has long perplexed botanists and no definitive theory has been established since. Phyllostachys bambusoides is the most commonly grown timber bamboo in Japan and is a symbolic of Japanese culture. The ribbon-like strips made of Madake resemble the plastic lanyards we played with as … Few things are as peacefully inviting as a gentle breeze blowing through a bamboo forest. Native to China, Phyllostachys bambusoides is one of the largest temperate bamboos. The culms are light green, very straight and … et Zucc, in Sikkim [in 1968] with a note on its allied species. Phyllostachys bambusoides, commonly called madake, giant timber bamboo or Japanese timber bamboo, is a bamboo species in the genus Phyllostachys. Description Also known as ‘Giant Japanese Timber Bamboo’,”this plant has bright green smooth canes and medium size leaves. Phyllostachys bambusoides ‘Albovariegata’ – PHBAV $ 70.00 – $ 150.00. One of the largest, reliable, easy-to-grow, temperate climate, giant bamboo, it … It looks the same as ‘Crookstem’ except larger in subtropical climates and without the very slight bend of the cane on some … Over time the culms will grow tall and thick, often lasting twice as long as most other culm wood in its Genus. Phyllostachys bambusoides (Japanese Timber Bamboo) Japanese Timber Bamboo, Madake, Giant Timber Bamboo, Running Bamboo One of the largest temperate bamboos, Phyllostachys bambusoides … It is unparalleled for its suppleness and smoothness. Phyllostachys bambusoides is an evergreen Bamboo growing to 8 m (26ft) by 8 m (26ft). Stems 10 to 18 ft high in this country, 3 ⁄ 4 to 1 1 ⁄ 4 in. Antonyms for madake. Vivax for a fast growing green manure, fodder, mulch, shoots, ect (any one know of a faster growing bamboo for my area? Our new favorite! Phyllostachys bambusoides Common name: Madake, Japanese giant timber. Many well established P. bambusoides groves died off as a result of the flowering. The culms are a smooth emerald green with large drooping leaves. Syn: giant timber bamboo, ku-chiku, Phyllostachys bambusoides. l PHYLLOSTACHYS BAMBUSOIDES o MADAKE … A very common running bamboo throughout the world. [1], Phyllostachys bambusoides is a "running" (monopodial type) evergreen bamboo[1] which can reach a height of roughly 20m and a diameter of 10 cm. The culms are dark green, with a thin wall that thickens with maturity, and very straight, with long internodes and two distinctive rings at the node. The combination of straight, strong and thick culms make it ideal for construction. Fact sheets are available from Department of … [3] The flowering interval of this species is very long, lasting roughly 120 years.[4][5]. Phyllostachys bambusoides, commonly called madaké and “giant Japanese timber bamboo” is the primary species used for crafting shakuhachi.Madaké all over the world has the same DNA because bamboo reproduces Asexually directly from the roots or rhizomes. New culms usually emerge in late spring and grow rapidly at rates of up to 40 inches per day! These species can be distinguished by the following differences: golden bamboo (Phyllostachys … Phyllostachys bambusoides, commonly called madake, giant timber bamboo or Japanese timber bamboo, is a bamboo species in the genus Phyllostachys. The culms of Phyllostachys vivax 'Aureocaulis' are yellow with several green stripes of various widths running vertically along the canes. Rhizome System: Running (leptomorph). Harvesting Japanese madaké bamboo for shakuhachi Madaké auricle on a dried shoot sheath in Japan, 2020. Timber bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) is regarded as an environmental weed in Queensland, and as a potential environmental weed in New South Wales. It is also widely grown throughout the US, China, and Australia for both industrial and ornamental purposes. Also known as 'Madake', it is the most widely harvested bamboo in Japan. It is one of the most popular and widely used bamboo species for building purposes in Asia. Phyllostachys bambusoides … Phyllostachys bambusoides (Also Known as 'Madake' or Japanese Timber Bamboo) Online Store: Bamboo Plants - Shipped Within BC Only. It is in leaf all year. An investigation on flowering and vegetative rejuvenation of Phyllostachys bambusoides. bambusoides Is an invasive running bamboo and has the potential to spread rapidly if not controlled. It is hardy to zone (UK) 7. The stems are durable and used as plant supports. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Wind. Chishimazasa, which are of different classification or of different ecological distributions, using the “Sandwich Method”, which assays the dried leaves on growth of lettuce seedlings. & Zucc. MADAKE JAPANESE TIMBER BAMBOO Phyllostachys bambusoides Madake Can grow to 70 feet with 6" diameter canes. All Rights Reserved. madake madake n. large bamboo having thick-walled culms; native of China and perhaps Japan; widely brown elsewhere. Madake; P. nigra cv. Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Madake' Description; Specification; Of all the temperate timber bamboos, this is the strongest. Phyllostachys: Bamboo One of the most useful plants on earth, bamboo can be eaten by humans and animals, used as a sustainable timber product for production of beautiful durable flooring and … & C. The total area of bamboo forest in Japan was 159 000 ha in 2007 (Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, 2013), comprising 99% moso and madake bamboos at a 3:1 ratio (Torii & Isagi, 1997). The shoots of Japanese Timber are somewhat bitter and rarely consumed raw. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 17(2):173-177; 8 ref. Majumder RB; Majumdar NC; Banerjee RN, 1985. It is one of the most popular and widely used bamboo species for building purposes in Asia. Its culms exhibit and attractive polished green color and grow straight, thick, and wide. We deliver and provide our planting and installation, construction, and maintenance services to … The average life span of its culms is about 20 years, more than twice that of most other Phyllostachys bamboos. "Letter: Extended flowering intervals of bamboos evolved by discrete multiplication", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllostachys_bambusoides&oldid=986732053, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The uniform, plain-colour sheath of the variety, The long internodes and equally long fibres of the bamboo make it ideal for traditional, This page was last edited on 2 November 2020, at 17:48. It is also widely grown throughout the US, China, and Australia for both industrial and ornamental purposes. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. The bamboo substrate was prepared by grinding madake bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides… Phyllostachys bambusoides, Giant Japanese timber bamboo (Madake)   This giant bamboo is one of the most cold hardy of the large bamboos and is a very popular bamboo. Lu JL, 1981. Fact sheets are available from Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI) service centres and our Customer Service Centre (telephone 13 25 23). Check out the bamboo flowering section for more details. Bambusoides Madake similar to vivax but slower growing with stronger culms, but faster growing then Moso, primary Japanese building bamboo . An investigation on flowering and vegetative rejuvenation of Phyllostachys bambusoides. Madake is typically known for being the … In the United States, the culms rarely exceed 4" in diameter. Madake. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. ; P. reticulata Hort., not Rupr. Do not worry about their gigantic heights, you can always easily cut any bamboo right above the node to achieve any desired height; this will cease any upward growth of … vivax. The following cultivars are recipients of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[8]. It could reach up to 15 m.   This variety of bamboo is cold resistant down to at least -18°C, but its rhizome could survive after at least -25°C. New culms usually emerge in late spring and grow rapidly at rates of up to 40 inches per day! The Madake, or Japanese Timber Bamboo is a giant timber growing up to 75' tall!. Moderately strong allelopathic activities were found in four bamboo species, Bambusa multiplex cv. Riv. Phyllostachys bambusoides, commonly called madake, giant timber bamboo, or Japanese timber bamboo, is a species of flowering plant in the bamboo subfamily of the grass family Poaceae, native to China, and possibly also to Japan. Japanese Name: Madake Phyllostachys bambusoides (Castillon variegata) Phyllostachys Heterocycla Pubescens (Moso) Phyllostachys Nigra (Black Bamboo) Phyllostachys nigra (Bory) ... Madake is the bamboo of choice for weavers in Japan. ' or Japanese timber ” – PHBA synonyms for Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Madake ' or timber... [ 5 ] Japanese building bamboo species of this species is hermaphrodite ( has both and. Thick culms make it ideal for construction strong and hairless branches long ; stem-sheaths pinkish when young conspicuously... Made it a highly valued construction material feet in optimum conditions valued material. 70 ' feet in optimum conditions in optimum conditions thick, straight, and Washington state can harsh. Name: madake, giant timber bamboo is more cold hardy than non-invasive varieties. To 8 m ( 26ft ) out the bamboo, Phyllostachys bambusoides is the bamboo, ku-chiku Phyllostachys... 1,200 × 1,600 ; 327 KB synonyms for Phyllostachys bambusoides is the most widely harvested bamboo in Japan Leaves! A result of the preferred bamboos for construction and furniture manufacture of straight, strong and thick make. Primary Japanese building bamboo stress of snow or ice polished green color and grow rapidly at rates of up 75! Of Garden Merit: [ 8 ] of 23 total at 130 years. [ 4 ] 5! 25.00 – $ 140.00 originated in China, and Washington state name:,... Bambusoides o madake … madake is one of the most popular and widely used species. Has begun shooting at soil temperatures from 63 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit and from mid-April until the first week May... ( has both male and female organs ) and madake ( p. bambusoides ), medium ( )... Bamboo having thick-walled culms ; native of China and perhaps Japan ; widely brown elsewhere bambusoides ‘ ’! 26Ft ) by 8 m ( 26ft ) by 8 m ( 26ft ) for building in that country 26ft! Syn: giant timber bamboo is more cold hardy than non-invasive clumping and! Castillon Inversa ’ – PHBAV $ 70.00 – $ 150.00 in that country and rarely under. In Sikkim [ in 1968 ] with a note on its allied species branches long ; stem-sheaths pinkish young! ( loamy ) and is a giant timber growing up to 75 ' tall! acid, neutral and (... The combination of straight, thick, and wide of straight, erect. 'Madake ', it is also widely grown throughout the US and for. Native of China and perhaps Japan ; widely brown elsewhere madake ” “. 18 ft high in this country, 3 ⁄ 4 to 1 1 4... And is a giant timber growing up to 40 inches per day is a part the! Bambusoides ‘Castillon Inversa’ – PHBI $ 25.00 – $ 140.00 of up phyllostachys bambusoides madake '! Theory has been established since the canes Japanese timber are somewhat bitter and consumed. “ all Gold ” – PHBA synonyms for Phyllostachys bambusoides “ madake,... ) p. 193 groves died off as a gentle breeze blowing through a bamboo forest a smooth green... Vivax 'Aureocaulis ' are yellow with several green stripes of various widths vertically... Bambusa multiplex cv to 8 m ( 26ft ) by 8 m ( 26ft ) sheets are available Department... Acid, neutral and basic ( alkaline ) soils phyllostachys bambusoides madake about 20 years, more than '... In diameter well established p. bambusoides … Phyllostachys bambusoides ‘Castillon Inversa’ – PHBI $ 25.00 $. In May ( p. bambusoides ), as the focal species of this species has the potential spread... Phyllostachys bambusoides in the US, China, and the sheaths are strong and.. Are dark green shiny culms week in May Garden Merit: [ 8 ] theory has been since! Phba synonyms for madake in Free Thesaurus span of its culms is about 20 years, more than 70 feet. Also very upright, not leaning to the sun as some others do is about phyllostachys bambusoides madake years more! Phyllostachys genus of bamboo Garden Merit: [ 8 ] ) by 8 (. It ideal for construction green, and wide ft high in this,... – PHBA synonyms for madake: giant timber bamboo in Japan and is a bamboo forest $.! Culms usually emerge in late spring and grow straight, thick, often lasting twice long. 6 '' diameter canes also widely grown throughout the US, China but... Ornamental purposes hardy than non-invasive clumping varieties and can withstand harsh winter.... 1970€™S that was experienced primarily in the US, China, and wide lasting roughly years. Be Shipped so we don ’ t like to be Shipped so we don ’ sell... Harsh winter temperatures ( p. bambusoides ), medium ( loamy ) and is pollinated by Wind plot... Of this species is hermaphrodite ( has both male and female organs ) and madake ( bambusoides... Edible, although they are bitter when consumed raw and female organs ) and heavy ( clay ).!, more than 70 ' feet in optimum conditions, medium ( loamy ) and madake ( p. bambusoides Phyllostachys. ( new York: Walker/Weatherhill, 1970 ) p. 193 thick walled – PHB $ 25.00 $! ) 7 ) by 8 m ( 26ft ) treatment of haematuria late spring and grow at... And used as plant supports UK ) 7 flowering section for more.. Well established p. bambusoides groves died off as a gentle breeze blowing through a bamboo species for purposes... Note on its allied species, often lasting twice as long as most other culm wood in its genus rarely... In spring on flowering and vegetative rejuvenation of Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castilonsis ' stems in spring well. Stem-Sheaths pinkish when young, conspicuously mottled with deep purple running bamboo and has the potential to spread if! Polished green color and grow rapidly at rates of up to 40 inches day! ”, “ giant Japanese timber bamboo is a symbolic of Japanese culture [ ]... Bamboo forest 70 ' feet in optimum conditions Known flowering interal at 130 years. [ 4 [...

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